Monthly Archives: July 2019

The City’s 12 Great Livery Companies

“Mercers * Grocers * Drapers * Fishmongers * Goldsmiths * Merchant Taylors * Skinners * Haberdashers * Salters * Ironmongers * Vintners * Clothworkers

Medieval London was a free city that governed itself through the interconnections between its wards, its parishes, and the guilds that controlled the various aspects of trade. The twelve great livery companies are the richest and oldest of the guilds whose foundation charters (though often much older) can be securely dated to fourteenth-century documents. They were (and are) managed by a clerk but controlled by a Master, a number of wardens and a court of assistants elected by the liverymen and freemen of the company. Access is through patrimony (descent), servitude (apprenticeship to a guild member) or redemption (a fee).

Liverymen famously squabbled about order of precedence. It is said the origin of the phrase ‘being at sixes and sevens’ is the Skinner and Merchant Taylors’ dispute and eventual agreement to exchange being number 6 and 7 in the hierarchy.”

Excerpted from: Rogerson, Barnaby. Rogerson’s Book of Numbers: The Culture of Numbers–from 1,001 Nights to the Seven Wonders of the World. New York: Picador, 2013.

A Lesson Plan on Technology as a Cause of History

Elsewhere on this blog I have posted lessons from the opening unit of the adapted freshmen global studies I used while teaching in New York. The idea for this, as I have also mentioned elsewhere, came from an Introduction to Liberal Studies class at Amherst College called, unsurprisingly, “Causes of History.” That was an interdisciplinary course that various students in my Russian classes (I was a Hampshire student taking Russian at Amherst) called “causes of misery.”

In any case, the phrase stuck in my mind, and I decided to appropriate it for a unit on basic concepts in historical inquiry for the struggling students I served. So this lesson plan on technology as a cause of history is one of a series of ten in that unit. The challenge I find is that students possess a very narrow view of technology; unless something is electronic, they don’t consider it technology. So this context clues worksheet on the noun technology aims to broaden their definition and understanding of this concept. When the first early human discovered how to use sharp stones as a knife or a hammer to open bones and get at the high protein marrow within, that piece of stone was a technological advance. Technology, this lesson means to convey, is anything that makes work and life easier and causes advances in human development.

For that reason, this worksheet for this lesson is really a note-taking blank. This is really a brainstorming lesson designed to get kids to revise their understanding of technology so that they can see, for example, that something as basic as the wheel was a significant technological advance–and that it moved history along as surely as it moved goods and people along trade routes.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Tier (n)

Here is a context clues worksheet on the noun tier, which is a word students should know by the time they leave high school. This is a very common noun in educated discourse, in which I want the students I serve to participate. It means, on this worksheet, layer. This word, to my mild surprise, also has use as a verb.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Term of Art: Attention

“attention: The focus of consciousness on something in the environment, or on a sensation or an idea. Attention includes a number of elements that are essential to all activities, including

  • arousal: being ready to receive stimuli
  • vigilance: being able to select stimuli from those presented over a broad period of times
  • persistence or continuity: being able to sustain a mental effort and select stimuli that are presented often
  • monitoring: checking for and correcting errors

The length of time in which a child can pay attention to something (the attention span) increases with age, interest, and intelligence level.

Breakdowns in these different elements can cause a variety of problems. A breakdown in vigilance, for example, might cause someone to select or focus on the wrong details. A breakdown in monitoring might lead to repeated careless errors. Persistence or continuity is necessary for a complex task to be completed.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Cultural Literacy: Vested Interest

Alright, I think this Cultural Literacy worksheet on the concept of a vested interest would complement the reading, one post below this one, on the military-industrial complex I just published.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Devil’s Dictionary: Aristocracy

“Aristocracy, n. Government by the best men. (In this sense the word is obsolete; so is that kind of government.) Fellows that wear downy hats and clean shirts—guilty of education and suspected of bank accounts.”

Excerpted from: Bierce, Ambrose. David E. Schultz and S.J. Joshi, eds. The Unabridged Devil’s Dictionary. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2000. 

Military-Industrial Complex

Some years ago, I watched a documentary called “Why We Fight” (whose title alludes to a series of documentary films, also called “Why We Fight,” most of them directed by Frank Capra, which sought to justify the United States involvement in World War II) that reported, among other things, that President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in one of the original drafts of his famous farewell speech to the nation, referred not just to a nascent “military-industrial complex” but to a “military-industrial-congressional complex.” The danger of the weapons industry’s interest, for the sake of profit, in global conflict ought to be obvious enough, as should its influence. These are some the biggest, most well-capitalized corporations in this nation.

But when Ike, who wasn’t exactly a conspiracy-minded hippie, said it, it had real gravitas. Too bad we as a nation appear not to have heeded his warning about this phenomenon.

Anyway, maybe this reading on the military-industrial complex and its attendant vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet might have some utility in your classroom.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

“Low” Art

“’Low’ Art: Comprises the ‘lesser’ or ‘minor’ arts, also known as the decorative or applied arts. A more contemporary understanding of the term relates it to popular culture. Since the 1960s and the pop art movement, artists have freely appropriated objects from everyday consumer culture for content and conceptual inspiration. Andy Warhol’s infinitely reproducible silkscreens of Marilyn Monroe, and Roy Lichtenstein’s iconic imitations of melodramatic cartoons, challenge basic assumptions previously ascribed to ‘high’ art, such as the uniqueness and seriousness of the artwork. The boundary between ‘high’ and ‘low’ art has faded in the contemporary art scene. Once-marginal artists, such as Keith Haring and his graffiti art were quickly commodified, and their works sold for large amounts of money.”

Excerpted from: Diamond, David G. The Bulfinch Pocket Dictionary of Art Terms. Boston: Little Brown, 1992.

Floe (n) and Flow (vi/vt)

OK, it’s first thing on a Monday morning, and here are five homophone worksheets on the noun floe and the verb flow. Flow is used, incidentally, both intransitively and transively.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Rotten Reviews: Revolutionary Road by Richard Yates

“There is a certain cheapness, even and intellectual dishonesty, in pretending that the suburbanites…are pseudo-vertebrates who bend in the middle when confronted by the pressures of living their own lives.

New York Herald Tribune Lively Arts

Excerpted from: Bernard, Andre, and Bill Henderson, eds. Pushcart’s Complete Rotten Reviews and Rejections. Wainscott, NY: Pushcart Press, 1998.