Monthly Archives: August 2021

Term of Art: Substitution

“substitution: A reading error made when an individual replaces the written word with a different word based on structural or semantic cues.

A structural substitution is when the reader guesses a word based on its visual structure. For example, a reader reads the word stipulate as stimulate because they look similar.

A semantic substitution occurs when a reader replaces a word that means the same thing. For example, a reader might add ‘Then they went to her house’ as ‘Then they went to her place,’ replacing house with place.

Substitution is common in the oral reading of all students and by itself should not be considered as evidence of a reading disability. Tracking reading errors through error analysis can help determine reading patterns and problems.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Lollygag (vi)

It’s the Word of the Day at Merriam-Webster, so here is a context clues on the verb lollygag. It means, variously but in same vein, “fool around,” “dawdle,” and (from the Word of the Day page itself) “to fool around and waste time” and “to spend time doing things that are not useful.” The verb is only used intransitively, so it will never take a direct object: you don’t lollygag something, you just lollygag.

I understand this slangy word isn’t at the top of the list of the lexicon we need students to accumulate in high school. Nonetheless, with its onomatopoetic character, even charm, it has its virtues. In any case, as a sometimes workaholic (the respectable addiction), I want to make the case for lollygagging as an occasional and necessary part of life.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Aldous Huxley on Ends and Means

“The end cannot justify the means, for the simple and obvious reason that the means employed determine the nature of the ends produced.”

Aldous Huxley, Ends and Means ch. 1 (1937)

Excerpted from: Schapiro, Fred, ed. The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.

Cultural Literacy: Grand Unified Theory

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on the Grand Unified Theory of the origins of the universe, specifically the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang. This is a half-page worksheet with a three-sentence reading and three comprehension questions.

This isn’t really my bailiwick, but I do understand that, as the reading concludes, that the Grand Unified theory “…explains the lack of antimatter in the universe.”

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

S.J. Perelman on Freelance Writers

“The dubious privilege of a freelance writer is he’s given the freedom to starve anywhere.”

S.J. Perelman

Excerpted from: Winokur, Jon, ed. The Portable Curmudgeon. New York: Plume, 1992.

Elvis Presley

Here is a reading on Elvis Presley along with its attendant vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. This has tended to be high-interest material for some students, so I have tagged it as such.

For other students, Elvis may be of no interest whatsoever. I’d just like to mention that he presents an interesting case study on cultural appropriation. Did you know “Hound Dog” (which has been recorded, according to the song’s Wikipedia page, “more than 250 times”) was originally a hit for Big Mama Thornton (which was answered, humorously, by Rufus Thomas in his song “Bear Cat“) and was a number one hit for her on the R&B charts? Of that the first song (and his first hit single) he ever recorded, at Sun Studio’s Memphis Recording Service, was “That’s All Right,” composed by Arthur “Big Boy” Crudup

In other words, this is a good reading to open a discussion about how white artists, especially in the 1950s, helped themselves to the work of black artists and got rich doing it. This is so well documented at this point that if you search “white artists not paying royalties to black artists” you will find a trove of information about this practice. Even gigantic media company BMG admits Black artists were cheated out of fair contracts and royalty payments. I salute Wilco frontman Jeff Tweedy for calling for reparations to Black recording artists.

There is a lot to chew on here. The essential question here is something like “What is cultural appropriation and what is outright theft? What is the difference?”

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Algonquin Wits: Alice Duer Miller Charges Aleck Woolcott

“Novelist and Round Table frequenter Alice Duer Miller once paid off a loss at cards to Aleck Woollcott, informing him: ‘You, sir, are the lowest form of life—a cribbage pimp.’”

Excerpted from: Drennan, Robert E., ed. The Algonquin Wits. New York: Kensington, 1985.

Sororal (adj)

Here is a context clues context clues worksheet on the adjective sororal. As you can probably hear, this word means “of, relating to, or characteristic of a sister.” If your students plan to belong to a sorority, then this might be a handy word to know. Outside this relatively narrow use, there just might not be a lot of need for this document.

Incidentally, did you know the noun sororate means “the marriage of one man to two or more sisters usually successively and after the first wife has been found to be barren or after her death.” It’s a relatively recent word, apparently, first coined in 1910–though like the other words in this post, it originates with the Latin soror, “sister.”

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Rotten Reviews: The Ginger Man

“Disgust, indignation, and boredom—those are the most likely responses to be anticipated among readers of The Ginger Man. No doubt the book will also get a few screams of praise from those who habitually confuse the effects of art with the effects of shock and sensation… This rather nasty, rather pompous novel gives us, in all, a precocious small boy’s view of life, the boy having been spoiled somehow and allowed to indulge in sulks and tantrums and abundant self-pity.”

Chicago Tribune

Excerpted from: Barnard, Andre, and Bill Henderson, eds. Pushcart’s Complete Rotten Reviews and Rejections. Wainscott, NY: Pushcart Press, 1998.    

Common Errors in English Usage: Garner (vt), Garnish (vt)

Here is a worksheet on differentiating the use of the verbs garner and garnish, two verbs that sound alike but mean very different things (here is a context clues worksheet on garnish I wrote a few days back because it was Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Day.) This is a full-page worksheet with a five-sentence reading and ten modified cloze exercises.

For the purposes of this worksheet, garner means “to acquire by effort,” “earn.” “accumulate”, and “collect.” Garnish, on the other hand, means “to add decorative or savory touches to (food or drink).” Both of these verbs are used only transitively, so don’t forget your direct object. You must garner something (praise, awards, evidence, sympathy) just as you must garnish something–a pork chop, a hot fudge sundae, a birthday cake).

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.