Tag Archives: united states history

Red Cloud

“Red Cloud originally Mahpiua Luta: (1822-1909) American Indian leader. Born in present-day Nebraska, Red Cloud, as principal chief of the Oglala Teton Lakota (Sioux), led the opposition of both Sioux and Cheyenne to the U.S. government’s development of the Bozeman Trail to goldfields in Montana Territory (1865-67), Relentlessly attacking workers along the route from Fort Laramie (in modern Wyoming) to Montana, he refused offers to negotiate until the U.S. agreed to halt the project, whereupon he laid down his arms and allowed himself to be settled on the Red Cloud Agency in Nebraska.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Dawes Act of 1887

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on the Dawes Act of 1887, a piece of well-intentioned–at least from some points of view, though not mine–legislation designed, really, to destroy once and for all the communitarian. tribal, lifestyle of indigenous peoples in the rapidly expanding (at the time of the Act’s passage) United States.

This is full-page worksheet with a reading of four sentences and three comprehension questions. So, it’s just the basics. But, like almost everything else on Mark’s Text Terminal, this is a Microsoft Word document you can tailor to your needs. The Dawes Act opens a lot of discursive doors into discussion rooms on imperialism, militant individualism and anti-collectivism, the theoretical and practical limitations of libertarianism, and simple–and simple-minded racism.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Arapaho

“Arapaho: Plains Indian people of Algonquian language stock who lived along the Platte and Arkansas rivers in the 19th century. Like other Plains groups, the Arapaho were nomadic, living in teepees and depending on the buffalo for subsistence. They were highly religious and practiced the sun dance. Their social organization included age-graded military societies as well as men’s shamanistic societies. They traded with the Mandan and Arikara and were often at war with the Shoshone, Ute, and Pawnee. A southern branch was long allied with the Cheyenne and fought with them against Colonel G.A. Custer at Little Bighorn in 1876. Today about 2,000 Arapaho live in Wyoming and another 3,000 Arapaho/Cheyenne in Oklahoma.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 4 November 2022, National Native American Heritage Month Week I: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on American Imperialism

This week’s Text, in observance of National Native American Heritage Month, is a reading on American imperialism with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. This seems like a pretty good place to begin considering the genocide of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

This is the first year Mark’s Text Terminal has observed, with posts, National Native American Heritage Month. I can plead extenuation only through ignorance; I really hadn’t been aware that the month existed. For me, that is especially shocking, because Native American History was a surpassing interest of mine in high school. Indeed, my entire crowd took an interest in those days, the mid-to-late 1970s. We kept up with Akwesasne Notes (available in those days at numerous outlets in my hometown of Madison, Wisconsin), owned copies of Seven Arrows by Hyemeyohsts Storm, and kept up with the American Indian Movement’s affairs. We cheered the Wounded Knee occupation retrospectively, since we weren’t a crowd back in those days. Similarly, we supported the Menominee Warrior Society in its seizure of the Alexian Brothers Novitiate in Gresham, Wisconsin, with attendance at their trials (I seem to remember one at held at Juneau, Wisconsin, for some reason).

Personally, I carried a Free Leonard Peltier petition around in my book bag for several months, gathering just over 3,000 signatures before sending it, to no avail, to President Jimmy Carter. I read Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee by Dee Brown twice by my fifteenth birthday–which then and now exercised an enormous effect on my consciousness. So, I have no excuse neither for my ignorance of this holiday, nor the paucity of materials I currently possess related to it.

Henceforth, I seek to remedy this oversight.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Weekly Text, 28 October 2022: A Lesson Plan on Expenditures by Americans from The Order of Things

This week’s Text, based on material adapted from Barbara Ann Kipfer’s endlessly fascinating reference book The Order of Things, is a lesson plan on expenditures by Americans. The only think you’ll need for this lesson as it is currently constituted is this worksheet with a list as reading and comprehension questions.

I conceived of this series of lessons (and may write more if I need them) as a way of helping students who struggle when asked to deal with two symbolic systems (language and numbers in this case) at the same time. These are simple readings and worksheets designed as much as anything to help build confidence in students in their ability to learn.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Charles Schultz on Misanthropy

“I love mankind; it’s people I can’t stand.”

Charles Schultz

Excerpted from: Winokur, Jon, ed. The Big Curmudgeon. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2007.

Book of Answers: Arsenic and Old Lace

“Who wrote Arsenic and Old Lace? The 1941 play was written by Joseph Kesselring. The 1946 movie adaptation was directed by Frank Capra.”

Excerpted from: Corey, Melinda, and George Ochoa. Literature: The New York Public Library Book of Answers. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

Censorship

“Censorship (noun): Suppression of literature considered objectionable, especially for moral, political or religious reasons. Adjective: censorious; adverb: censoriously; noun: censor; verb: censor.

‘I glanced at an ancient baroque door and asked him about censorship on television. He giggled happily. “Oh it is wonderful! It is the wildest, silliest little game! The censors take out what they think the people think the censors think they should be taking out.’ Chandler Brossard, The Spanish Scene.”

Excerpted from: Grambs, David. The Random House Dictionary for Writers and Readers. New York: Random House, 1990.

Guillermo O’Donnell

“Guillermo O’Donnell: (1936-2011) Argentine political scientist. He earned a law degree in Argentina and a PhD from Yale University. He taught at universities in South America, Europe, and the United States (principally Notre Dame), and has written many books on Latin American authoritarianism and democracy and the transition from one to the other. His pathbreaking analysis of ‘bureaucratic authoritarianism’ as a specific type of military rule found especially in Latin America from the 1960s to the 1980s contributed greatly to the understanding of comparative politics.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

United Fruit Co.

“United Fruit Co.: U.S.-based fruit company. It was founded in 1899 in the merger of the Boston Fruit Company and other companies that sold bananas grown in Central America, Colombia, and the Caribbean. Minor C. Keith, its principal founder, gained extensive land rights in Costa Rica in return for constructing railroads. United Fruit became the largest employer in Central America, developing vast tracts of jungle lands and building one of the largest private merchant navies in the world. Attacked in the Latin American press as el pulpo (‘the octopus’), the company was widely accused of exploiting workers and influencing governments during the era of ‘dollar diplomacy’ in the early to mid-20th century. It later policies were more enlightened, and it transferred portions of its landholdings to individual growers. In 1970 United Fruit merged with AMK Corporation to form United Brands Co., which changed its name in 1990 to Chiquita Brands International, Inc.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.