Category Archives: Social Sciences

You’ll find domain-specific material designed to meet Common Core Standards in social studies, along with adapted and differentiated materials that deal with a broad array of conceptual knowledge in the social sciences. See the Taxonomies page for more about this category.

Corollary

“Corollary (noun): An assertion or proposition that follows implicitly, with little or no proof, from a given statement; an immediate deduction or inference; natural consequence, parallel, or accompaniment. Adjective: corollary

‘If this book doesn’t make you angry, it wasn’t worth writing.’ As any logician can tell you, the corollary of the above quotation is not necessarily true, that is, if the book does make you angry, it does not necessarily follow that it was worth writing. Laurence Urdang, Verbatim

Excerpted from: Grambs, David. The Random House Dictionary for Writers and Readers. New York: Random House, 1990.

The Weekly Text, 17 January 2025: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on Sears Roebuck

The Weekly Text for 17 January 2025 from Mark’s Text Terminal is this reading on Sears Roebuck along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet.

Why? Because I have it, for one thing. But for people of a certain age in the country (that is, my age or older) remember that Sears, along with JC Penney, were in the retail firmament the rough equivalent of Amazon today. There was no Internet, so that comparison breaks down; but both retailers issued mail-order catalogues that arrived, at least in my household, fairly regularly throughout the year. The Sears Catalog, which began offering full lines of hard goods, began publication in 1893. By 1908, Sears actually offered home kits in its catalog–among the sewing machines, sporting goods, musical instruments, saddles, firearms, buggies, bicycles, baby carriages, and some clothing (all introduced in 1894), and Edison’s Graphophone (introduced in 1908). Growing up, all my school clothes came from Sears (there was a store at the corner of Ingersoll Street and East Washington Avenue, if memory serves, in my hometown of Madison, Wisconsin, where the city, last I knew, has its bus barn). The company’s Craftsman tool line (now owned by Stanley Black & Decker) was among the best available–and guaranteed for life. I owned quite a few of them, as did my uncle, who owned an auto parts store and was a freelance small aircraft designer and builder.

Sears filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 15 October 2019. According to the Wikipedia page on the retailer, as of April 2024 there are 11 Sears stores–ten in the continental United States and one in Puerto Rico–remaining. Near where I now live, in Flatbush, Brooklyn, there is a remnant store–an art deco beauty–at the corner of Beverly Road and Flatbush Avenue; the building is empty, but New York City landmarked it in 2012, so it is protected.

So you can see that Sears Roebuck was an important part of the American retail landscape for a long time.

There is something to be learned about business cycles, branding, management, retail trends–and potentially a whole host of other topics in business education. There has been no small amount of ink spilled on what led to Sears’ downfall; just search “Why Sears went out of business.”

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Doubter’s Companion: Bankers

“Bankers: Pillars of society who are going to hell if there is a God and He has been accurately quoted.

All three Western religions have always forbidden the collection of interest on loans. When Samuel Johnson defined the banker in the eighteenth century his status was clear: ‘One that traffics in money.’ Their venal sin of usury continues to sit high on lists of scriptural wrongdoing, which raises the questions of why bankers—the money-market sort excluded—tend to be frequent church-goers. The respect in which they have increasingly been held over the last two centuries has paralleled the growth of economics based on long-term debt, which has spread into every corner of society, from governments and corporations to the poor. The more money owed, the more the lender is respected, so long as the borrower intends to pay it back.

But what effect does this have on the moral position of bank employees? Few modern bankers are owners. Except through their salaries they do not profit from interest payments. Are they or are they not among the damned? Perhaps they should themselves be seen as victims of usury, having little choice but to lend their lives to the usurious process in order to feed their families. Yet for the borrower, these employees are the human face of usury.

The clearest situation for bankers would be if God didn’t exist. They would then be morally home-free and could go to church in a more relaxed frame of mind.”

Excerpted from: Saul, John Ralston. The Doubter’s Companion. New York: The Free Press, 1994.

Cultural Literacy: The Great Man Theory of History

While dining with an erstwhile colleague last evening, our talk turned to Robert Caro and whether or not he is a proponent of the Great Man Theory of History. We agreed that he is not, if you’re interested.

This Cultural Literacy worksheet on the Great Man Theory of History does a nice job of explaining this philosophy of history. It is a half-page worksheet with a reading of three sentences and three comprehension questions. Even with that brevity, this worksheet explains Thomas Carlyle’s conception of this method of interpreting history and the fact that Carlyle’s “…theories have generally fallen out of fashion.”

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Term of Art: Semantic Memory

“semantic memory: Memory for facts, such as the information that would be contained in a dictionary or encyclopedia with no connection to time or place. People do not remember when or where they learn this type of information.

Semantic memory registers and stores knowledge about the world in the broadest sense; it allows people to represent and mentally operate in situations, objects, and relations in the world that are not present in the senses. A person with an intact semantic memory system can think about things that are not here now.

Because semantic memory develops first in childhood, before episodic memory, children are able to learn facts before they can remember their own experiences.

The seat of semantic memory is believed to be located in the medial temporal lobe and diencephalic structures of the brain.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Cultural Literacy: Ellis Island

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on Ellis Island. This is a half-page worksheet with a reading of three sentences–and beware that two of them are long compounds separated by commas that might be best separated into independent clauses for emergent and struggling readers–and three comprehension question. A relatively short, but cogent, introduction to this important place in United States history.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Weekly Text, 3 January 2025: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on Robert Moses

Happy New Year! This week’s Text, after two weeks off for this blog for the holidays, is a reading on Robert Moses along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. Moses, you may know, was the so-called “Master Builder” of New York City.

If you’re interested in a critical, nuanced and not to mention thorough account if Moses’ impact on the Five Boroughs, I recommend–highly–Robert Caro’s magisterial biography of Moses, The Power Broker. Should you happen to be in New York City for the next month, The New York Historical has an exhibition on “Robert Caro’s The Power Broker at 50” at its museum at 170 Central Park West (at 77th Street).

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Atahualpa

“Atahualpa: (1502?-1533) Last free-reigning emperor of the Incas. He became ruler after defeating his half-brother in what may have been the greatest military engagement in Inca history. The conquistador Francisco Pizarro met Atahualpa just before the emperor’s triumphal entry into Cuzco and invited him to a feast in his honor. When Atahualpa and his unarmed retainers arrived, Pizarro ambushed them on horseback with cannons and guns, slaughtered thousands, and took Atahualpa prisoner. Pizarro accepted Atahualpa’s offer of a ransom of a roomful of gold, then, having received 24 tons of gold and silver, ordered Atahualpa burned at the stake, The sentence was changed to death by garrote when Atahualpa agreed to convert to Christianity.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Sitting Bull

Last but not least for National Native American Heritage Month 2024, here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on Sitting Bull. This is a half-page worksheet with a reading of three sentences, all of them relatively long, and three comprehension questions. For its brevity, it is nonetheless a surprisingly thorough introduction to this Sioux leader.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Shawnee

“Shawnee: Algonquian-speaking people from the central Ohio River Valley. Closely related in language and culture to the Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk, the Shawnee were also influenced by the Seneca and Delaware. In the summer the Shawnee lived in bark-covered houses grouped into large villages near fields in which women cultivated corn. The primary male occupation was hunting. In winter the village broke into small patrilineal family groups, which moved to hunting camps. In the 17th century the Shawnee were driven from their home by the Iroquois, scattering into widely separated areas. After 1725 the tribe reunited in Ohio. Following their defeat by General Anthony Wayne (1794), they broke into three independent branches that eventually settled in Oklahoma. Today they number about 4,000.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.