Tag Archives: readings/research

Sarah Breedlove Walker

“Sarah Breedlove Walker originally Sarah Breedlove: (1867-1919) U.S. businesswoman and philanthropist, the first black female millionaire in the U.S. Born near Delta, Louisiana, she was a widowed washerwoman with a daughter to support in 1905 when she developed a method for straightening curly hair. She founded the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Co. to sell her treatment, and her door-to-door saleswomen became familiar figures in the black communities in the U.S. and the Caribbean. In 1910 she moved her company to Indianapolis. She augmented her earnings with shrewd real-estate investments, and she donated two-thirds of her fortune to charitable and educational institutions. Her daughter, A’lelia Walker Kennedy, hosted salons where artists and cultural figures mingled during the Harlem Renaissance.”

Excerpted/Adapted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Joe Louis

“Joe Louis (originally Joseph Louis Barrow): (1914-1981) U.S. heavyweight boxing champion. He was born into a sharecropper’s family in Lexington, Alabama. He began boxing after his family moved to Detroit. He won the U.S. Amateur Athletic Union titles in 1934 and turned professional that year. On the road to his first title bout he defeated six previous or subsequent champions, including Max Baer, Jack Sharkey, James J. Braddock, Max Schmeling, and Jersey Joe Walcott. Nicknamed ‘the Brown Bomber,’ he gained the title by defeating Braddock in 1937, and held it until 1949. He lost to Schmeling in 1936 but defeated him in one round in 1938. He successfully defended his title 25 times (21 by knockout) before retiring in 1949. He made unsuccessful comeback attempts against Ezzard Charles in 1950 and Rocky Marciano in 1951.”

Excerpted/Adapted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Booker T(aliaferro) Washington

“Booker T(aliaferro) Washington: 1856-1915) U.S. educator and black-rights leader. Born into slavery in Franklin County, Virginia, he moved with his family to West Virginia after emancipation. He worked from age 9, then attended (1872-75) and joined the staff of the Hampton (Virginia) Normal and Agricultural Institute. In 1881 he was selected to head the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a new teacher-training school for blacks, and he successfully transformed it into a thriving institution (later Tuskegee University). He became perhaps the most prominent black leader of his time. His controversial conviction that blacks could best gain equality in the U.S. by improving their economic situation through education rather than by demanding equal rights was termed the Atlanta Compromise. His books include Up from Slavery (1901).”

Excerpted/Adapted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 14 February 2025, Black History Month Week II: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on the Harlem Renaissance

For the second month of Black History Month 2025, here is a reading on the Harlem Renaissance with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. This is a useful, one-page survey of key events and personalities of the Harlem Renaissance. In the end, however, it is only an introduction to one of the most fertile and consequential periods in American cultural history.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Sarah Vaughn

“Sarah (Lois) Vaughan: (1924-1990) U.S. singer, one of the most virtuosic and expressive in jazz. Born in Newark, New Jersey, Vaughan won an amateur contest at Harlem’s Apollo Theater in 1942 and joined Earl Hines’s big band as vocalist and second pianist the following year. Joining Billy Eckstine in 1944, she gained exposure to the new music of bebop, and later recorded with Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. Alternating between popular song and jazz, she worked as a soloist for the rest of her career. A vast range and wide vibrato in the service of her harmonic sensitivity enabled Vaughan to employ a seemingly instrumental approach when singing, often improvising as a jazz soloist.”

Excerpted/Adapted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 7 February 2025, Black History Month Week I: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on the Scottsboro Boys

Despite Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth’s diktat to cancel it for members of the United States Armed Forces, February remains Black History Month, and today begins its observance on Mark’s Text Terminal with this reading on the Scottsboro Boys along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet.

As a middle school student, I would often take extended bathroom breaks so that I could visit the library to look at Time Magazine’s year-by-year Time Capsule books, which fascinated me. It was in one of these volumes that I first became aware of the case of the Scottsboro Boys. Even in the bland prose of Time Magazine, and even to my then relatively unschooled mind, this was obviously one of the most grotesque miscarriages of justice ever perpetrated in a country that is at this point known for such things–especially where and when Black people are concerned.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Honus Wagner

[Over the past few years, I have developed an interest in baseball. I remain a neophyte in my understanding of the game–this summer I bought a copy of The Dickson Baseball Dictionary by Paul Dixon so I could better build my knowledge of what the players, particularly pitchers, are actually doing. This post, however, arrives because of my long interest in the T206 Honus Wagner Baseball Card, which I think I can safely analogize as: What the Bay Psalm Book is to bibliophiles, the T206 Honus Wagner card is to collectors of sports memorabilia.]

“Honus Wagner (originally John Peter): (1841-1918) U.S. baseball player. Born in Mansfield (now Carnegie), Pennsylvania, he played principally for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1900-1917), and coached the team from 1933 to 1951. The right-handed hitter led to the National League in batting in eight seasons (1900, 1903=4, 1906-9, 1911) and in stolen bases five seasons. His total of 252 three-base hits remains a National League record. Nicknamed ‘the Flying Dutchman’ for his speed. Wagner is considered one of the greatest shortstops and all-around players in baseball history.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Carl (Clinton) and Mark Van Doren

“Carl (Clinton) and Mark Van Doren: (1885-1950, 1894-1972) U.S. writers and teachers. The Van Doren brothers were born in Hope, Illinois. Carl, who taught at Columbia University 1911-1930), edited the Cambridge History of American Literature (1917-21) and journals. His critical works include the biography Benjamin Franklin (1938, Pulitzer Prize). Mark taught at Columbia 1920-59. He published more than 20 volumes of verse, including Spring Thunder (1924) and Collected Poems (1922-38) (1939, Pulitzer Prize). He wrote three novels and several volumes of short stories and edited anthologies. His literary criticism includes work on John Dryden, William Shakespeare, and Nathanial Hawthorne as well as Introduction to Poetry (1951), which examines shorter classic poems of English and American literature.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 17 January 2025: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on Sears Roebuck

The Weekly Text for 17 January 2025 from Mark’s Text Terminal is this reading on Sears Roebuck along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet.

Why? Because I have it, for one thing. But for people of a certain age in the country (that is, my age or older) remember that Sears, along with JC Penney, were in the retail firmament the rough equivalent of Amazon today. There was no Internet, so that comparison breaks down; but both retailers issued mail-order catalogues that arrived, at least in my household, fairly regularly throughout the year. The Sears Catalog, which began offering full lines of hard goods, began publication in 1893. By 1908, Sears actually offered home kits in its catalog–among the sewing machines, sporting goods, musical instruments, saddles, firearms, buggies, bicycles, baby carriages, and some clothing (all introduced in 1894), and Edison’s Graphophone (introduced in 1908). Growing up, all my school clothes came from Sears (there was a store at the corner of Ingersoll Street and East Washington Avenue, if memory serves, in my hometown of Madison, Wisconsin, where the city, last I knew, has its bus barn). The company’s Craftsman tool line (now owned by Stanley Black & Decker) was among the best available–and guaranteed for life. I owned quite a few of them, as did my uncle, who owned an auto parts store and was a freelance small aircraft designer and builder.

Sears filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 15 October 2019. According to the Wikipedia page on the retailer, as of April 2024 there are 11 Sears stores–ten in the continental United States and one in Puerto Rico–remaining. Near where I now live, in Flatbush, Brooklyn, there is a remnant store–an art deco beauty–at the corner of Beverly Road and Flatbush Avenue; the building is empty, but New York City landmarked it in 2012, so it is protected.

So you can see that Sears Roebuck was an important part of the American retail landscape for a long time.

There is something to be learned about business cycles, branding, management, retail trends–and potentially a whole host of other topics in business education. There has been no small amount of ink spilled on what led to Sears’ downfall; just search “Why Sears went out of business.”

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Atahualpa

“Atahualpa: (1502?-1533) Last free-reigning emperor of the Incas. He became ruler after defeating his half-brother in what may have been the greatest military engagement in Inca history. The conquistador Francisco Pizarro met Atahualpa just before the emperor’s triumphal entry into Cuzco and invited him to a feast in his honor. When Atahualpa and his unarmed retainers arrived, Pizarro ambushed them on horseback with cannons and guns, slaughtered thousands, and took Atahualpa prisoner. Pizarro accepted Atahualpa’s offer of a ransom of a roomful of gold, then, having received 24 tons of gold and silver, ordered Atahualpa burned at the stake, The sentence was changed to death by garrote when Atahualpa agreed to convert to Christianity.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.