Tag Archives: professional development

Octavio Paz

“Octavio Paz: (1914-1998) Mexican poet, writer, and diplomat. Educated at the University of Mexico, Paz published his first book of poetry, Luna Silvestre (“Savage Moon”) in 1933. He later founded and edited several important literary reviews. Influenced in turn by Marxism, surrealism, existentialism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, his poetry uses rich imagery in dealing with metaphysical questions, and his most prominent theme is the human ability to overcome existential solitude through erotic love and artistic creativity. His prose works include The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950), an influential essay on Mexican history and culture. He was Mexico’s ambassador to India 1962-68. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1990.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Pancho Villa

“Pancho Villa originally Doroteo Arango (1878-1923) Mexican guerilla leader. Orphaned at a young age, he spent his adolescence as a fugitive, having murdered a landowner in revenge for an assault on his sister. An advocate of radical land reform, he joined  Francisco Madero’s uprising against Porfirio Diaz. His Division del Norte joined forces with Venustiano Carranza to overthrow Victoriano Huerta and in 1914 was forced to leave with Emiliano Zapata. In 1916, to demonstrate the Carranza did not control the north, he raided a town in New Mexico. A U.S. force led by General John Pershing was sent against him, but his popularity and knowledge of his home territory made him impossible to capture. He was granted a pardon after Carranza’s overthrow (1920) but was assassinated three years later. See also Mexican Revolution, Alvaro Obregon.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cesar Davila Andrade

“Cesar Davila Andrade: (1918-1967) Ecuadorian poet, short-story writer, and essayist. Davila Andrade published eight books of verse and two collections of short stories before committing suicide in a hotel in Caracas, Venezuela, a victim of prolonged depressions and alcoholism. While his work is known mainly in Ecuador and Venezuela, he was most often compared to Neruda and Vallejo. Of most influence as a poet, he carried certain key obsessions—evil in the form of sickness, passion, or death; sex as annihilation, and love as the absolute ideal—through several poetic incarnations. He began in the tradition of love poetry, as seen in Cancion a Teresita (1946). The second phase, which includes Arco de instantes (1959) and Boletin y elegia de las Mitas (1967), is dedicated to poetic experimentation and the geography and people of his American continent. The final period is complex, personal, and hermetic, best characterized by Conexiones de tierra (1964), which often voices his views of life, literature, and aesthetics. A lover of both the mystical and prosaic, he perhaps never managed a successful reconciliation of these twin currents in either his poetry or his life.”

Excerpted from: Murphy, Bruce, ed. Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, Fourth Edition. New York: Harper Collins, 1996.

Jose (Benjamin) Quintero

“Jose (Benjamin) Quintero: (1924-1999 U.S. (Panamanian-born) theatrical director. After studying theater at USC, he directed his first play in 1949. He was a founder of the Broadway theater Circle in the Square, where he directed regularly from 1950, establishing the house as a major center for serious theater. His direction of Tennessee Williams’s Summer and Smoke (1952) confirmed his reputation and made a star of Geraldine Page. He was best known for his productions of 20th-century plays, especially those of Williams and Eugene O’Neill, including The Iceman Cometh (1956), Long Day’s Journey Into Night (1956), and A Moon for the Misbegotten (1973, Tony Award).”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Alvaro Obregon

“Alvaro Obregon: (1880-1928) President of Mexico (1920-24). A skillful military leader who fought for the moderate presidents Francisco Madero and Venustiano Carranza during the Mexican Revolution, he was largely responsible for the liberal constitution of 1917. In response to Carranza’s increasingly reactionary policies, Obregon took a leading role in the revolt that deposed him, and was elected president in 1920. He managed to impose relative peace and prosperity but was shot and killed before assuming office.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Miguel de Unamuno (y Jugo)

“Miguel de Unamuno (y Jugo): (1864-1936) Spanish philosopher and writer. He was rector of the University of Salamanca 1901-14 and 1931-36; he was dismissed first for espousing the Allied cause in World War I and later for denouncing Francisco Franco’s Falangists. Though he also wrote poetry and plays, he was most influential as an essayist and a novelist. In The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Peoples (1913), he stressed the role spiritual anxiety plays in driving one to live the fullest possible life. His most famous novel is Abel Sanchez (1917). The Christ of Velazquez (1920) is a superb example of modern Spanish verse.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Diego Rivera

“Diego Rivera: (1886-1957) Mexican muralist. After study in Mexico City and Spain, he settled in Paris from 1909 to 1919. He briefly espoused Cubism but abandoned it c.1917 for a visual language of simplified forms and bold areas of color. Returning to Mexico in 1921, he sought to create a new national art on revolutionary themes in the wake of the Mexican Revolution. He painted many public murals, the most ambitious of which is in the National Palace (1929-57). His mural for New York’s Rockefeller Center aroused a storm of controversy and was ultimately destroyed because it contained the figure of Vladimir Lenin; he later reproduced it at the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City. With Jose Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros, he created a revival of fresco painting that became Mexico’s most significant contribution to 20th-century art. His large scale, didactic murals contain scenes of Mexican history, culture, and industry with Indians, peasants, conquistadores, and factory workers drawn as simplified figures in crowded, shallow places. Rivera was married to Frida Kahlo almost uninterruptedly from 1929 to 1954.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Mateo Aleman

“Mateo Aleman: (1547-after 1613) Spanish novelist. The son of a prison doctor, Aleman studied in Seville, Salamanca, and Alcala, and spent some twenty years as a government accountant. He was twice imprisoned for debt. In 1608 he went to Mexico in the company of Archbishop Garcia Guerra, whose life he published in 1613.

Aleman is remembered chiefly as the author of Guzman de Alfarache, the second great picaresque novel, after Lazarillo de Tormes (1554). The first part appeared in 1599, and, after Juan Jose Marti, a Valencian lawyer, produced a spurious sequel (1602), Aleman himself wrote a continuation (1604), in which he good-naturedly lampooned Marti. Aleman also wrote a biography of Saint Anthony of Padua (1604) and Ortografia castellana (1609), a treatise on spelling.”

Excerpted from: Murphy, Bruce, ed. Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, Fourth Edition. New York: Harper Collins, 1996.

Frida Kahlo

“Frida (Magdalena Carmen) Kahlo (y Calderon de Rivera): (1907-1954) Mexican painter. The daughter of a German-Jewish photographer, she had polio as a child and at 18 suffered a serious bus accident. She subsequently underwent some 35 operations; during her recovery, she taught herself to paint. Her marriage to Diego Rivera (from 1929) was tumultuous but artistically rewarding. She is noted for her intense, bizarre, brightly colored self-portraits, many reflecting her physical ordeal, which incorporate primitivistic elements but are executed with a fine technique. The Surrealists Andre Breton and Marcel Duchamp helped arrange exhibits of her work in the U.S. and Europe, and though she denied the connection, she is often identified as a Surrealist. She died at 47. Her house in Coyoacan is now the Frida Kahlo Museum.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Dangler

“Dangler (noun): A misplaced modifier or dependent segment of a sentence that often suggests an unintended or jarringly humorous meaning because of its isolation from what it properly refers to, e.g., ‘Sprinting ahead, the cave was soon only yards away’; phrase or clause separated from its antecedent; unattached modifier or participle. Also DANGLING MODIFIER

‘Strictly speaking, as Jesperson notes, strictly speaking is always a loose participle—perhaps if Newman had known anything at all about grammar he would avoided that ‘dangler’ for the title of his first book.’ Jim Quinn, American Tongue and Cheek”

Excerpted from: Grambs, David. The Random House Dictionary for Writers and Readers. New York: Random House, 1990.