Tag Archives: cognition/learning/understanding

Jeanne Chall on Key Differences Between Teacher-Centered and Student-Centered Instruction 1: What Should Be Learned in School?

[Herewith begins a series of 16 quotes from Jeanne Chall on the difference between teacher-centered and student centered pedagogical approaches. I became aware of Jeanne Chall through a post on Diane Ravitch’s Blog related to the “Science of Reading,” which remains a controversial concept, and the so-called (and stupidly called, in this writer’s estimation) “reading wars.” You may have listened to Sold a Story, Emily Hanford’s podcast series on this issue from American Public Media–which has also aroused controversy, and which the always perceptive and thoughtful Nancy Bailey has commented upon. Unfortunately, the book of Jeanne Chall’s Dr. Ravitch sites as an exemplar of theory and practice in reading pedagogy, Learning to Read: The Great Debate, appears to be out of print. I settled for the title sited below, The Academic Achievement Challenge: What Really Works in the Classroom? (New York: The Guilford Press, 2002). I excerpted the subsequent 15 quotes posts from that book. Should you be interested in this material for your planning book for for discourses in professional development sessions, here is the typescript of the entire series of quotes.]

“Teacher-Centered: Knowledge from the past, present, and foreseeable future; skills important for the individual and society. A core curriculum based on the traditional disciplines of reading, writing, literature, mathematics, science, social studies, and art—arranged in an increasing order of difficulty.

Student-Centered: School learning should be based on the learner’s interests and needs. Theoretically, there is no required core curriculum that is arranged hierarchically. Subject matter is not structured. The emphasis is on the learning process and on a variety of subjects that are integrated to make them more meaningful.”

Excerpted from: Chall, Jeanne S. The Academic Achievement Challenge: What Really Works in the Classroom? New York: The Guilford Press, 2002.

Term of Art: Sight Words

“sight words: Words that are recognized instantly, without using word attack skills. The larger the sight-word vocabulary, the more fluent the reading process. Sight words are frequently used words that make up the majority of the written text, such as the, just, bad, from and about. The Dolch List is a well-known compilation of the 220 most often used sight words that average learners should know by the end of third grade. When an individual has difficulty recognizing common words by sight, reading is slow and laborious.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Theodore Sizer on the Message Kids Get

“Unchallenged kids get the message. If adults expect little of them, expect that they must be reminded, hectored, hassled, expect them to be goof-offs, then they will goof off. Of course, some people will goof off no matter what expectations are set. But teachers should assume the highest standard of performance until they are shown that it is not forthcoming. This is the proper start for each young person’s education. If that standard is substantial and persuasive–if it symbolizes the dignity of a demanding expectation–more often than not, adolescents rise to the occasion.”

Excerpted from: Sizer, Theodore. Horace’s Hope. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

Term of Art: Sight Word Approach

“sight word approach: A method of teaching reading and spelling in which small numbers of instantly recognizable sight words are presented while the child masters them.

While many early readers naturally learn to read words through frequent exposure to them in stories, sight words often should be explicitly taught to individuals with a learning disability. Sight words can be hard to learn for these children because they frequently have trouble following common spelling and pronunciation patterns, such as are, were, been, and some, and require a strong visual memory for words.

To avoid such confusions when using the sight-word approach to teach reading and spelling, words should be carefully selected initially to follow consistent spelling patterns.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Term of Art: Summative Evaluation

“summative evaluation: Evaluation carried out for the purpose of gathering information to assess the overall worth of educational staff, programs, and products. Evaluation is often motivated by a prospective decision, such as purchasing a product, adopting a program, or determining the amount of a raise for staff. See also formative evaluation.”

Excerpted from: Ravitch, Diane. EdSpeak: A Glossary of Education Terms, Phrases, Buzzwords, and Jargon. Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 2007.

Jeanne Chall on Educational Theory, Practice, and Reform

“As I begin to consider whether some educational practices resulted in higher educational achievement, I began to think in terms of patterns, types, and syndromes. Can educational practices, philosophies, and beliefs be classified into broad patterns and types? Do some students learn better when exposed to one pattern or another?

I thought this was a particularly appropriate time to ask such questions. The number of proposed educational reforms seems to be at an all-time high. And precisely when we need stability, we seem to be investing our hopes in one educational change after another—with little evidence that any one of them will improve student achievement levels. Whether because we have too little supporting evidence or simply fail to use that which we have, we go about debating the merits of one or another practice as though we were in an intellectual vacuum relative to our own past experience.”

Excerpted from: Chall, Jeanne S. The Academic Achievement Challenge: What Really Works in the Classroom? New York: The Guilford Press, 2002.

Term of Art: Space Perception

“space perception: The ability to understand on a perceptual level the way in which objects are facing or placed, the direction in which they are moving, and the relation of objects to each other, both in distance and orientation.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Term of Art: Source Memory

“source memory: The memory of where a person obtained information. For example, a child might know that Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania, but not recall where he or she obtained that information. Many students with learning disabilities have deficient source memory.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

John Dewey on Grading

Our mechanical, industrial civilization is concerned with averages, with percents…. We welcome a procedure which under the title of science sinks the individual in a numerical class; judges him with reference to capacity to fit into a limited number of vocations ranked according to present business standards; assigns him to a predestined niche and thereby does whatever education can do to perpetuate the present order.”

John Dewey

Excerpted from: Feldman, Joe. Grading for Equity: What It Is, Why It Matters, and How It Can Transform Schools and Classrooms. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2019.

Term of Art: Sound/Symbol Association

“sound/symbol association: The idea that certain sounds are paired with specific symbols.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.