Category Archives: Social Sciences

You’ll find domain-specific material designed to meet Common Core Standards in social studies, along with adapted and differentiated materials that deal with a broad array of conceptual knowledge in the social sciences. See the Taxonomies page for more about this category.

American Indian Religions, South

“American Indian Religions, South: Religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of South America. The ancient Andean civilizations  of the Chimu and Inca had highly developed religions. The Inca religion combined complex ceremonies, animistic beliefs, belief in objects having magical powers, nature worship, and sun worship. The Incas build monumental temples, occupied by priests and Chosen Women. Priests conducted divination, and sacrifices were offered on every important occasion. Human sacrifice was offered when the need was extreme. In present-day South America, as many as 1,500 distinct native cultures have been described, and religious beliefs vary greatly. Creation mythologies are of first importance, often describing the origin of the first world and its fate as well as the creation and destruction of subsequent worlds. Ceremonial initiation into adulthood is widely practiced, both for males and females, with the initiation ceremony of acting out events from the dawn of creation. Initiations are also used to mark the ascent of individuals into positions of religious authority, with priests, diviners, and spirit mediums playing special roles. The shaman specializes in inducing states of ecstasy, controlling the passage of the soul out of and back into the body. Ritual fires, musical instruments (especially the rattle), esoteric languages, and sacred songs may demonstrate the shaman’s command of invisible powers. Christianity has come to be a strong component of folk belief among many native peoples, but it continues to be interpreted in the light of local tradition, and elements of traditional religion continue to survive.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Hiawatha

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on Hiawatha. Most people, if they’re aware of Hiawatha at all, probably received that awareness by way of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem, “The Song of Hiawatha.” I vaguely recall reading “The Song of Hiawatha” in grade school, but Longfellow is more memorable to me as one of the suits in the old card game of “Authors.”

Incidentally, the Wikipedia page for “The Song of Hiawatha” suggests that Longfellow based some of the material in the poem on conversations with an Ojibwe man named George Copway, whose story interested me enough to mention him here.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

American Indian Religions, North

“American Indian Religions, North: Religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of North America. They are characterized by a conviction that spirit moves through all things, animate and inanimate, and the living are intimately connected with the souls of the dead. They discover recognizable things in the world of animals, plants, trees, as well as in natural features such as mountains, lakes, and clouds. Because North American religions were so highly localized, it is impossible to determine how many have existed, and their beliefs have varied widely. Whereas Iroquois elders speak of a perfectly wise and good Creator who planned the universe, the Koyukon envision the creator as a Raven, a trickster god who is only one of many powerful spirits. Whereas nearly all Navajo ceremonies are performed on behalf of individuals in response to specific needs, most Pueblo ceremonies are performed communally and scheduled according to the cycles of nature. However, all native North American religions share certain features: ancestral lands and locally sacred spots are important; access to some knowledge is restricted, and initiation is required to acquire it; kinship obligations are central; the oral tradition includes narratives that record human interaction with nonhuman powers; and generosity is a religious act. Contact with Europeans led to development of new religious movements, including the Ghost Dance tradition and the Native American Church.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 7 November 2025, National Native American Heritage Month Week I: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on the Annexation of Hawaii

November is National Native American Heritage Month, and to the greatest extent possible, Mark’s Text Terminal strives to produce and publish material to observe the month.

Let’s start with this reading on the annexation of Hawaii along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. Here in the United States, I have perceived, we don’t think of the Native Hawaiians in the same way we think of the indigenous peoples of the North American continent. Ethnically Polynesians, the indigenous peoples of Hawaii settled the islands 800 or so years ago. Then they experienced the same colonization and dispossession as the tribes in the United States.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Praxis

“Praxis: The Greek word meaning ‘doing’ is widely used for all purposeful human activity. In his later, Marxist-influenced work, Sartre, for instance, defines praxis as political action in the world, or as the practical transformation of the world in accordance with a desired end or formality (1960). Praxis is a specifically human activity; the dam-building of a beaver is not praxis because it is an instinctual and unchanging response to a natural environment, and because it implies neither the mastery of existing technology nor the development of new technical means. Beavers will always build dams in the same manner; human engineers will develop new ways of doing so. Although praxis is determined by a finality of goal, its outcome is not always predictable, and it may be reversed into a counter-finality that frustrates the original intention. The outcome or material development of praxis is referred to as the ‘practico-inert’; the relationship between the two is not dissimilar to that between the in-itself and the for-itself.

In his Prison Notebooks, Gramsci (1971) uses the term “philosophy of praxis” as a synonym for Marxism.

Excerpted from: Macey, David. The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory. New York: Penguin, 2001.

The Weekly Text, 31 October 2025: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on the Nuclear Bomb

Happy Halloween! For this week’s Text, about the scariest thing I could find is this reading on the nuclear bomb along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. And if you really want to scare kids who are old enough to understand, you can enumerate the number of unstable and belligerent countries that possess this fearsome weapon.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Cultural Literacy: Sect

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on the concept of a sect. This is a half-page worksheet with a reading of two sentences and two comprehension questions. A simple but effective introduction to a concept students really ought to understand before they graduate high school.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Weekly Text, 24 October 2025: Two Worksheets on Agriculture and Crop Rotation Based on “The Writing Revolution” Methods

As regular readers of this blog may know, I have been trying for a number of years to develop a set of materials, particularly for my social studies classes (which I am no longer teaching at the moment), based on the methods articulated by Judith C. Hochman and Natalie Wexler in The Writing Revolution (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2017). Even though I have never had a chance to actually teach writing (which was done directly in none of the schools in which I have served in New York City; teachers assign writing work, but don’t really teach students how to write), I have been interested in doing so since I began my career 22 years ago. Now that I am about to retire, I see that I will probably never teach writing, and I probably won’t further develop my store of materials based on The Writing Revolution.

I’ve read enough about curriculum and curriculum design to know that I don’t care much for curricula that aren’t at once scaffolded and flexible. Most are not. But The Writing Revolution is the best thing of its kind I’ve encountered; I knew the first time I read the book that I would want to develop a curriculum based on its methods. It is scaffolded and flexible.

Two years ago, I was finally able to focus on working on these materials. It’s a lot of stuff, and I stipulate that it is uneven at best. Nonetheless–and I think now is a good time to remind users of this blog that most of what you’ll find here is set in Microsoft Word, therefore it is highly convertible and manipulable–I think some of this stuff is worth putting out there. I should also mention that I created a plethora of templates and supports–mostly typed verbatim from the book itself–for developing curricular materials consistent with The Writing Revolution’s prescribed methods.

At the time I began work on this stuff, sometime late in 2018, I thought it might me most useful for my freshman global studies class. This was for a number of reasons, the most salient among them that the New York State Regents Exam in Global Studies was notoriously challenging, and that the student population I served, everyone in my school at the time knew, really struggled with that particular test. But I also wanted to get students writing on their own, and to use language in ways that they otherwise wouldn’t–one of the principal strengths of The Writing Revolution in my opinion.

For global studies, I conceived of strands of work that followed a conceptual and factual arc across a relatively short, but dense and mildly challenging, series of documents. So, without further ado (and with apologies for the ado thus proffered), I offer the documents for Strand Three. This strand would concern agriculture and the earliest cities, but so far, as the lesson plan for Strand Three will show you, I only managed to pull together worksheets on agriculture and crop rotation. These are “developing questions” worksheets: they call upon students to read short passages of text, then develop a question or questions based on what they’ve read. The teachers copy of the agriculture as well as for the worksheet on crop rotation should help make the purpose of this work, and its methods, clearer.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Term of Art: Self-Regulation

“self-regulation: The ability to regulate and monitor a person’s own actions and behavior. Problems with effective self-regulation are a primary struggle for students with attention and executive function problems.

Effective self-regulation depends on a complex interaction of thinking, feeling, and perception.

Problems with self-regulation may stem from many different sources. Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder typically have problems with self-regulation due to underlying brain processing difficulties with memory, attention, and executive function, particularly as these affect the ability to control impulses and restrain and monitor internal thoughts. Problems with self-regulation also may be caused by other psychological conditions, such as bipolar disorder, conduct disorders, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Development of more effective ways to self-regulate is part of an effective coaching and strategy development program for individuals with ADHD. In general, while self-regulation may be seen as an underlying brain function, it is also learned behavior. Therefore, it is possible to teach individuals how to change patterns of impulsive and reckless behavior.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

Cultural Literacy: Fidel Castro

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on Fidel Castro. This is a half-page worksheet with a four-sentence reading and four comprehension questions. Just the basics on the late Cuban leader.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.