Tag Archives: readings/research

N[avarre] Scott Momaday

N[avarre] Scott Momaday: (1934-2024) Native American novelist, essayist, and poet, Momaday was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He studied at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph.D. at Stanford in 1963. His first novel, House Made of Dawn (1969), received the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Momaday’s work blends myth and tribal history with family tales and personal recollection: his essay collection, The Way to Rainy Mountain (1969), examines his own cultural history through the native tradition of living in nature. He has also published The Gourd Dancer (1976), a collection of poems; The Names: A Memoir (1977), a family history and autobiography; The Ancient Child, (1989), a novel. A literature professor for many years, Momaday has received a Guggenheim Fellowship and an award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters.”

Excerpted from: Murphy, Bruce, ed. Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, Fourth Edition. New York: Harper Collins, 1996.

The Weekly Text, 14 November 2025, National Native American Heritage Month Week II: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on The French and Indian War

This week’s Text, in observance of the second week of National Native American Heritage Month 2025, is this reading on the French and Indian War along with its attendant vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. You most likely already know this, but it’s worth mentioning that this conflict is also known as the Seven Years War.

And, as the Wikipedia article (which you’ll find in the hyperlink under the last three words in the preceding paragraph) points out, this was a Great Power conflict, global in scope. I expect that this conflict will remain a part of most secondary social studies curricula.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

American Indian Religions, South

“American Indian Religions, South: Religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of South America. The ancient Andean civilizations  of the Chimu and Inca had highly developed religions. The Inca religion combined complex ceremonies, animistic beliefs, belief in objects having magical powers, nature worship, and sun worship. The Incas build monumental temples, occupied by priests and Chosen Women. Priests conducted divination, and sacrifices were offered on every important occasion. Human sacrifice was offered when the need was extreme. In present-day South America, as many as 1,500 distinct native cultures have been described, and religious beliefs vary greatly. Creation mythologies are of first importance, often describing the origin of the first world and its fate as well as the creation and destruction of subsequent worlds. Ceremonial initiation into adulthood is widely practiced, both for males and females, with the initiation ceremony of acting out events from the dawn of creation. Initiations are also used to mark the ascent of individuals into positions of religious authority, with priests, diviners, and spirit mediums playing special roles. The shaman specializes in inducing states of ecstasy, controlling the passage of the soul out of and back into the body. Ritual fires, musical instruments (especially the rattle), esoteric languages, and sacred songs may demonstrate the shaman’s command of invisible powers. Christianity has come to be a strong component of folk belief among many native peoples, but it continues to be interpreted in the light of local tradition, and elements of traditional religion continue to survive.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

American Indian Religions, North

“American Indian Religions, North: Religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of North America. They are characterized by a conviction that spirit moves through all things, animate and inanimate, and the living are intimately connected with the souls of the dead. They discover recognizable things in the world of animals, plants, trees, as well as in natural features such as mountains, lakes, and clouds. Because North American religions were so highly localized, it is impossible to determine how many have existed, and their beliefs have varied widely. Whereas Iroquois elders speak of a perfectly wise and good Creator who planned the universe, the Koyukon envision the creator as a Raven, a trickster god who is only one of many powerful spirits. Whereas nearly all Navajo ceremonies are performed on behalf of individuals in response to specific needs, most Pueblo ceremonies are performed communally and scheduled according to the cycles of nature. However, all native North American religions share certain features: ancestral lands and locally sacred spots are important; access to some knowledge is restricted, and initiation is required to acquire it; kinship obligations are central; the oral tradition includes narratives that record human interaction with nonhuman powers; and generosity is a religious act. Contact with Europeans led to development of new religious movements, including the Ghost Dance tradition and the Native American Church.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 7 November 2025, National Native American Heritage Month Week I: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on the Annexation of Hawaii

November is National Native American Heritage Month, and to the greatest extent possible, Mark’s Text Terminal strives to produce and publish material to observe the month.

Let’s start with this reading on the annexation of Hawaii along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. Here in the United States, I have perceived, we don’t think of the Native Hawaiians in the same way we think of the indigenous peoples of the North American continent. Ethnically Polynesians, the indigenous peoples of Hawaii settled the islands 800 or so years ago. Then they experienced the same colonization and dispossession as the tribes in the United States.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Praxis

“Praxis: The Greek word meaning ‘doing’ is widely used for all purposeful human activity. In his later, Marxist-influenced work, Sartre, for instance, defines praxis as political action in the world, or as the practical transformation of the world in accordance with a desired end or formality (1960). Praxis is a specifically human activity; the dam-building of a beaver is not praxis because it is an instinctual and unchanging response to a natural environment, and because it implies neither the mastery of existing technology nor the development of new technical means. Beavers will always build dams in the same manner; human engineers will develop new ways of doing so. Although praxis is determined by a finality of goal, its outcome is not always predictable, and it may be reversed into a counter-finality that frustrates the original intention. The outcome or material development of praxis is referred to as the ‘practico-inert’; the relationship between the two is not dissimilar to that between the in-itself and the for-itself.

In his Prison Notebooks, Gramsci (1971) uses the term “philosophy of praxis” as a synonym for Marxism.

Excerpted from: Macey, David. The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory. New York: Penguin, 2001.

The Weekly Text, 31 October 2025: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on the Nuclear Bomb

Happy Halloween! For this week’s Text, about the scariest thing I could find is this reading on the nuclear bomb along with its accompanying vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet. And if you really want to scare kids who are old enough to understand, you can enumerate the number of unstable and belligerent countries that possess this fearsome weapon.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

The Weekly Text, 24 October 2025: Two Worksheets on Agriculture and Crop Rotation Based on “The Writing Revolution” Methods

As regular readers of this blog may know, I have been trying for a number of years to develop a set of materials, particularly for my social studies classes (which I am no longer teaching at the moment), based on the methods articulated by Judith C. Hochman and Natalie Wexler in The Writing Revolution (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2017). Even though I have never had a chance to actually teach writing (which was done directly in none of the schools in which I have served in New York City; teachers assign writing work, but don’t really teach students how to write), I have been interested in doing so since I began my career 22 years ago. Now that I am about to retire, I see that I will probably never teach writing, and I probably won’t further develop my store of materials based on The Writing Revolution.

I’ve read enough about curriculum and curriculum design to know that I don’t care much for curricula that aren’t at once scaffolded and flexible. Most are not. But The Writing Revolution is the best thing of its kind I’ve encountered; I knew the first time I read the book that I would want to develop a curriculum based on its methods. It is scaffolded and flexible.

Two years ago, I was finally able to focus on working on these materials. It’s a lot of stuff, and I stipulate that it is uneven at best. Nonetheless–and I think now is a good time to remind users of this blog that most of what you’ll find here is set in Microsoft Word, therefore it is highly convertible and manipulable–I think some of this stuff is worth putting out there. I should also mention that I created a plethora of templates and supports–mostly typed verbatim from the book itself–for developing curricular materials consistent with The Writing Revolution’s prescribed methods.

At the time I began work on this stuff, sometime late in 2018, I thought it might me most useful for my freshman global studies class. This was for a number of reasons, the most salient among them that the New York State Regents Exam in Global Studies was notoriously challenging, and that the student population I served, everyone in my school at the time knew, really struggled with that particular test. But I also wanted to get students writing on their own, and to use language in ways that they otherwise wouldn’t–one of the principal strengths of The Writing Revolution in my opinion.

For global studies, I conceived of strands of work that followed a conceptual and factual arc across a relatively short, but dense and mildly challenging, series of documents. So, without further ado (and with apologies for the ado thus proffered), I offer the documents for Strand Three. This strand would concern agriculture and the earliest cities, but so far, as the lesson plan for Strand Three will show you, I only managed to pull together worksheets on agriculture and crop rotation. These are “developing questions” worksheets: they call upon students to read short passages of text, then develop a question or questions based on what they’ve read. The teachers copy of the agriculture as well as for the worksheet on crop rotation should help make the purpose of this work, and its methods, clearer.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Jorge Amado

“Jorge Amado: (1912-2001) Brazilian novelist. Born and reared on a cacao plantation, he published his first novel at 20. His early works, including The Violent Land (1942), explore the exploitation of suffering of plantation workers. Despite imprisonment and exile for leftist activities, he continued to produce novels, many of which have been banned in Brazil and Portugal. Later works such as Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon (1958), Dona Flor and her Two Husbands (1966), and The War of the Saints (1993) preserve Amado’s political attitude in their more subtle satire.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Octavio Paz

“Octavio Paz: (1914-1998) Mexican poet, writer, and diplomat. Educated at the University of Mexico, Paz published his first book of poetry, Luna Silvestre (“Savage Moon”) in 1933. He later founded and edited several important literary reviews. Influenced in turn by Marxism, surrealism, existentialism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, his poetry uses rich imagery in dealing with metaphysical questions, and his most prominent theme is the human ability to overcome existential solitude through erotic love and artistic creativity. His prose works include The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950), an influential essay on Mexican history and culture. He was Mexico’s ambassador to India 1962-68. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1990.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.