Category Archives: Reference

These are materials for teachers and parents, and you’ll find, in this category, teachers copies and answer keys for worksheets, quotes related to domain-specific knowledge in English Language Arts and social studies, and quotes on issues of professional concern. See the Taxonomies page for more about this category.

H. Lynn Erickson on Coherence in Curricula

“…But a coherent curriculum also fosters through the grades, in a deliberate and systematic design, increasing sophistication in critical content knowledge, conceptual understanding, and complex performance abilities. The current emphasis on meeting national and state standards requires thoughtful planning in curriculum design. We cannot afford to do dinosaurs and rain forests at three different grade levels. We need to use the precious time in schools to maximum advantage. This does not mean that we cannot do thematic, integrated units or bring relevance and active student engagement into the learning process. But it does signal the need for coherent curricular plans that achieve the desired outcomes for students–outcomes that are based on the realities of living, learning, and working in the 21st century, as well as the mandates of discipline-based standards and assessments.”

Excerpted from: Erickson, H. Lynn. Concept-Based Curriculum and Instruction: Teaching Beyond the Facts. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press, 2002.

Book of Answers: William Shakespeare on Killing All the Lawyers

“What Shakespeare character says ‘The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers’? Dick the Butcher says it in Henry the Sixth, Part 2 (c. 1590), act 4, scene 2, line 84. His proposal is made in support of Jack Cade’s plans for a revolution in England.”

Excerpted from: Corey, Melinda, and George Ochoa. Literature: The New York Public Library Book of Answers. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

Maya Angelou on Talent

“Talent is like electricity. We don’t understand electricity. We use it.”

Maya Angelou

Excerpted from: Grothe, Dr. Marty. Metaphors Be with You. New York: Harper, 2016.

Term of Art: Individualized Reading

“An approach to reading instruction developed in the 1950s as an alternative to basic reading programs; emphasizes student selection of reading materials and self-pacing in reading. With this method, the teacher adjusts instruction to student needs during small-group work and in individual conferences.”

Excerpted from: Turkington, Carol, and Joseph R. Harris, PhD. The Encyclopedia of Learning Disabilities. New York: Facts on File, 2006.

114 Sura of the Koran

“There are 114 sura or ‘chapters’ within the Koran. These are named and numbered, but the names (such as The Cow or The Light) have no importance other than as a memory tag linked to some unusual feature. The chapters are not ordered by age of delivery or location (either Mecca or Medina), but in reverse length, so the shortest chapters begin the Koran and the longest end it. There is no narrative flow; indeed, at times one could almost imagine the Prophet’s revelations to be addressed to 114 different types of human, for each chapter is a development or a condensation of the same essential theme: how to live and love both mankind and God.”

Excerpted from: Rogerson, Barnaby. Rogerson’s Book of Numbers: The Culture of Numbers–from 1,001 Nights to the Seven Wonders of the World. New York: Picador, 2013.

Rotten Rejections: Isabel of Bavaria

[The squib refers to the novel by Alexandre Dumas.]

“Stick to drama, my dear fellow. You know you are a dramatic through and through.”

Excerpted from: Bernard, Andre, and Bill Henderson, eds. Pushcart’s Complete Rotten Reviews and Rejections. Wainscott, NY: Pushcart Press, 1998.

Abstract Expressionism

“An umbrella term which refers to that direction in abstract art characterized by spontaneous and individual abstract expression in a non-objective manner. While the term was first applied to certain of Vassily Kandinsky’s early experimental paintings, it mostly refers to artists working in the 1940s and 1950s, including Willem de Kooning and Jackson Pollock. Sharing a similar outlook rather than a style, these artists sought total freedom for psychic expression on the canvas. Believed by some to be the first truly American art, the movement is also called the New York School because its international center was New York City. The influence of abstract expressionism extended into the 1970s with Lyrical Abstraction.”

Excerpted from: Diamond, David G. The Bulfinch Pocket Dictionary of Art Terms. Boston: Little Brown, 1992.

A Learning Support on Historical Ages and Eras

While I’ve used it for text for classroom posters, I’m not sure how otherwise useful this learning support on historical ages and eras really is in the classroom. Frankly, it’s a bit complicated and abstract for emergent and struggling readers.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Abstract Art

“Art in which elements of form have been stressed in handling the subject matter–which may or may not be recognizable. Abstraction is a relative term; all artworks exist on a continuum between total abstraction and full representation. Vassily Kandinsky is generally credited with having created the first purely abstract artwork in 1910.”

Excerpted from: Diamond, David G. The Bulfinch Pocket Dictionary of Art Terms. Boston: Little Brown, 1992.

On the Road

“A novel (1957) by Jack Kerouac (1922-69), based on several wild trips across the United States with Neal Cassady (1926-68). In it he used the term Beat Generation ‘to describe guys who run around the country in cars looking for odd jobs, girlfriends, and kicks.’ The book became the prose manifesto of the culture in evokes. Crossing media, it also helped to define the genre of the ‘road movie,’ in which the characters take to the road as an escape from something, and/or as a means of self-discovery. Male bonding between ‘buddies’ was a common element in such classics as Easy Rider (1969), at least until such feminist versions of the genre as Thelma and Louise (1991).

Excerpted from: Crofton, Ian, ed. Brewer’s Curious Titles. London: Cassell, 2002.