Monthly Archives: November 2024

Atahualpa

“Atahualpa: (1502?-1533) Last free-reigning emperor of the Incas. He became ruler after defeating his half-brother in what may have been the greatest military engagement in Inca history. The conquistador Francisco Pizarro met Atahualpa just before the emperor’s triumphal entry into Cuzco and invited him to a feast in his honor. When Atahualpa and his unarmed retainers arrived, Pizarro ambushed them on horseback with cannons and guns, slaughtered thousands, and took Atahualpa prisoner. Pizarro accepted Atahualpa’s offer of a ransom of a roomful of gold, then, having received 24 tons of gold and silver, ordered Atahualpa burned at the stake, The sentence was changed to death by garrote when Atahualpa agreed to convert to Christianity.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Sitting Bull

Last but not least for National Native American Heritage Month 2024, here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on Sitting Bull. This is a half-page worksheet with a reading of three sentences, all of them relatively long, and three comprehension questions. For its brevity, it is nonetheless a surprisingly thorough introduction to this Sioux leader.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Shawnee

“Shawnee: Algonquian-speaking people from the central Ohio River Valley. Closely related in language and culture to the Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk, the Shawnee were also influenced by the Seneca and Delaware. In the summer the Shawnee lived in bark-covered houses grouped into large villages near fields in which women cultivated corn. The primary male occupation was hunting. In winter the village broke into small patrilineal family groups, which moved to hunting camps. In the 17th century the Shawnee were driven from their home by the Iroquois, scattering into widely separated areas. After 1725 the tribe reunited in Ohio. Following their defeat by General Anthony Wayne (1794), they broke into three independent branches that eventually settled in Oklahoma. Today they number about 4,000.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Sioux

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on the Sioux people. This is half-page worksheet with a reading of five sentences, one of which is a short imperative, a see-this, thing, enclosed in parentheses, with three comprehension questions. This worksheet, like a few I’ve posted here recently, seems a bit crammed to me. You might want to adjust it to a full-page document.

The reading, even in five sentences, manages to note that the Sioux, who call themselves the Dakota or Lakota, administered a beatdown to Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army at the Battle of Little Bighorn, and names three significant Sioux leaders, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Big Foot, who is also known as Spotted Elk, whom  U.S. forces murdered at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Sacagawea

“Sacagawea: (1786?-1812) Shoshone Indian woman who, carrying her infant son on her back, traveled thousands of wilderness miles with the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-6). Though she had been separated from her people for nearly 10 years when the expedition began, Sacagawea was instrumental in obtaining horses and guides from a band of Shoshone (led by her brother, Cameahwait) at a point when the expedition may well have ended. Her fortitude in the face of hazards and deprivation became legendary.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

The Weekly Text, 29 November 2024, National Native American Heritage Month Week V: A Reading and Comprehension Worksheet on Geronimo

For the fifth and final Friday of National Native American Heritage Day 2024, here is a reading on Geronimo with its attendant vocabulary-building and comprehension worksheet.

If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Penutian Languages

“Penutian languages: Hypothetical superfamily of North American Indian languages that unites a number of languages and language families mainly of the far western United States and Canada. The Penutian hypothesis was proposed by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred B. Kroeber in 1913 and refined by Edward Sapir in 1921. Like the Hokan hypothesis (see Hokan Languages), it attempted to reduce the number of unrelated language families in one of the world’s most linguistically diverse areas. At its core was a group of languages spoken along California’s central coast and in the Central Valley, including Ohlone (Costanoan), Miwok, Wintuan, Maidu, and Yokuts. Sapir added Oregon Penutian (spoken along the lower Columbia River), Plateau Penutian (languages of Plateau Indian peoples), Tsimshian (spoken in western British Columbia), and Mexican Penutian (spoken in southern Mexico). Aside from the Mexican group, all the languages today are either extinct or spoken exclusively by older adults. Though the hypothesis remains unproven, at least some languages of the group are probably related to each other.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Pueblos

Here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on pueblos, the outstanding example of which is at Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. This is a half-page worksheet with a three-sentence reading and three comprehension questions. It’s a good general introduction to the concept of the pueblo, including the origin of the use of this Spanish word to describe these indigenous dwellings.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.

Salishan Languages

“Salishan languages: Family of about 23 North American Indian languages, spoken or formerly spoken in the Pacific Northwest and adjoining areas of Idaho, Montana, and southern British Columbia. Today, Salishan languages are spoken almost exclusively by older adults. They are remarkable for their elaborate consonant inventories and small number of vowels. Grammatically, all words except for particles tend to assume predicative function, so there is no clear demarcation between nouns and verbs.”

Excerpted from: Stevens, Mark A., Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 2000.

Cultural Literacy: Noble Savage

OK, here is a Cultural Literacy worksheet on noble savage archetype. This is a half-page worksheet with a three sentence reading and three comprehension questions.

This was a concept, I can say with some pleasure, that my high school teachers disabused me of quickly. It’s a good thing, too, because (“Surprise! Surprise! Surprise!” as I delighted in hearing Gomer Pyle USMC say when I watched that show as a child), despite what this worksheet avers in placing the origin of this concept with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, it turns out not to be the case.

In fact, in addition to the many problems implicit in the term itself, it happens that Rousseau never uttered the term, and that the concept and the linguistic clothes it wears are the product of poet and playwright John Dryden, who invoked the stereotype in his play The Conquest of Granada by the Spaniards. When the term is next heard, it is from the mouths of physician James Crawfurd and anthropologist James Hunt, who erected the term as a signpost en route to scientific racism. Apparently, in the process of their “work,” Crawfurd deliberately misattributed noble savage to Rousseau.

So, with this short document, there is a lesson on debunking that I will write sometime in the future. I can tell you that only the most cursory research yielded the results in the foregoing paragraph. So, there is quite a bit of juicy stuff here–especially for inquisitive high school students.

Finally, if you want to see the decisive send-up of the noble savage stereotype (or, alternatively, if you’re interested in trying some excellent series television), check out Dallas Goldtooth’s hilarious performance as William “Spirit” Knifeman in Reservation Dogs–one of the best things ever to appear on television in my opinion.

If you find typos in this document, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review.