“Teacher-Centered: Promotion is largely by achievement. If the achievement is thought to be too low for success in subsequent grades, the student may be retained for a year. Usually, a student is retained twice, at most, in the elementary grades.
Student-Centered: Social promotion is preferred. The student is promoted with his age group even if his achievement is quite low. It is assumed that the student will benefit from predictable promotion since ideally the instruction is matched to the student’s instructional level, not to his or her grade placement. Also, to hold back a student is considered questionable for his or her self-esteem.”
Excerpted from: Chall, Jeanne S. The Academic Achievement Challenge: What Really Works in the Classroom? New York: The Guilford Press, 2002.
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